\documentclass{scrartcl}
\usepackage{german}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[german]{babel}
\usepackage{array}

\newcolumntype{x}{>{\centering\hspace{0pt}}p{1.5em}}

\begin{document}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{Aufgabe 2}
\begin{minipage}[t]{1\columnwidth}%
  \begin{center}
    \setlength{\extrarowheight}{0.1em}
    \begin{tabular}{r@{\extracolsep{0pt} }l||c|c|c|c|}
      \multicolumn{2}{c||}{}       & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Angabe in Bits} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Angabe in Bytes} \\
      \multicolumn{2}{c||}{Angabe} & 2er-Potenz & dezimal & 2er-Potenz & dezimal \\
      \hline 
      \hline 
      1    & Byte  &    $2^3$ Bit &               $8$ Bit &    $2^0$ Byte &             $1$ Byte \\ \hline
      2048 & MiB   &              &                       &               &                      \\ \hline 
      32   & Byte  &              &                       &               &                      \\ \hline 
      16   & MiBit &              &                       &               &                      \\ \hline 
      1024 & KiBit &              &                       &               &                      \\ \hline 
    \end{tabular}
  \end{center}
\end{minipage}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{Aufgabe 3}
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{|x|x|x|x|x|x|x|x|x|x|x|x|x|x|x|x|}
    \hline 
     1$\bullet$ & 1 $\bullet$ & 1 $\bullet$ &   &
      &   &   &   & 
    3 $\bullet$ & 3 $\bullet$ & 3 $\circ$ &   & 
    2 $\bullet$ & 2 $\bullet$ & 2 $\bullet$ & 2 $\bullet$ \tabularnewline
    \hline 
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{Aufgabe 4}
% linke Spalte
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\columnwidth}%
  \vspace{1cm}
  \textbf{FAT:}

  \begin{tabular}{c|c|}
    \cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock  0 &      \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock  1 &      \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock  2 & $10$ \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock  3 & $11$ \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock  4 & $ 7$ \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock  5 &      \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock  6 & $ 3$ \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock  7 & $ 2$ \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock  8 &      \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock  9 &      \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock 10 & $12$ \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock 11 & $14$ \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock 12 & $-1$ \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock 13 &      \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock 14 & $-1$ \\\cline{2-2} 
    Plattenblock 15 &      \\\cline{2-2} 
    $\vdots$        & $\vdots$\\
  \end{tabular}%
  \vspace{1cm}
\end{minipage}%
%
% rechte Spalte
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.6\columnwidth}%
  \vspace{1cm}
  \textbf{Liste freier Plattenbl\"{o}cke:}

  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c}
    \hline 
    15 & 13 & 1 & 8 & 9 & 5 & 0 & $\dots$\\
    \hline 
  \end{tabular}

  \vspace{2cm}

  \textbf{Verzeichniseintr\"{a}ge:}

  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
    \hline 
    Dateiname       & Erwei-       & Datei-    & Erster       & Datei-           \\
                    & terung       & Attribute & Plattenblock & gr\"{o}\ss{}e    \\\hline 
    \texttt{BRIEF}  & \texttt{TXT} & ($\dots$) & \texttt{4}   & \texttt{129 KiB} \\
    \texttt{EDITOR} & \texttt{EXE} & ($\dots$) & \texttt{6}   & \texttt{101 KiB} \\
    $\vdots$        & $\vdots$     & $\vdots$  & $\vdots$     & $\vdots$         \\
  \end{tabular}%
\end{minipage}


\end{document}